\begin{thebibliography}{43}
\expandafter\ifx\csname natexlab\endcsname\relax\def\natexlab#1{#1}\fi
\expandafter\ifx\csname url\endcsname\relax
  \def\url#1{{\tt #1}}\fi

\bibitem[Koshi et~al.(1983)Koshi, Iwasaki, and Ohkura]{Koshi:1983}
M.~Koshi, M.~Iwasaki, and I.~Ohkura.
\newblock Some findings and an overview of vehicular flow characteristics.
\newblock pages 403--426. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Toronto, 1983.

\bibitem[Kerner(1999)]{kernerTGF99}
B.~S. Kerner.
\newblock Phase transitions in traffic flow.
\newblock In D.~Helbing, H.~J. Hermann, M.~Schreckenberg, and D.~E. Wolf,
  editors, {\em Traffic And Granular Flow '99}, pages 253--284. Springer, 1999.

\bibitem[Treiterer and Myers(1974)]{Treiterer:hysteresis}
J.~Treiterer and J.A. Myers.
\newblock The hysteresis phenomenon in traffic flow.
\newblock In D.J. Buckley, editor, {\em Proc.\ 6th ISTT}, page~13, Artarmon,
  New South Wales, 1974. A.H.\ \& A.W.\ Reed Pty Ltd.

\bibitem[Kerner and Rehborn(1996{\natexlab{a}})]{Kerner:Rehborn:mea1}
B.~S. Kerner and H.~Rehborn.
\newblock Experimental features and characteristics of traffic jams.
\newblock {\em Physical Review E}, 53\penalty0 (2):\penalty0 R1297--R1300,
  1996{\natexlab{a}}.

\bibitem[Acha-Daza and Hall(1993)]{traffic-catastrophe-theo}
J.A. Acha-Daza and F.L. Hall.
\newblock Graphical comparison of predictions for speed given by catastrophe
  theory and some classic models.
\newblock {\em Transportation Research Record}, 1398:\penalty0 119, 1993.

\bibitem[Prigogine and Herman(1971)]{Prigogine:book}
I.~Prigogine and R.~Herman.
\newblock {\em Kinetic theory of vehicular traffic}.
\newblock Elsevier, New York, 1971.

\bibitem[Reiss et~al.(1986)Reiss, Hammerich, and Montroll]{Montroll}
H.~Reiss, A.D. Hammerich, and E.W. Montroll.
\newblock Thermodynamic treatment of nonphysical systems: {F}ormalism and an
  example (single-lane traffic).
\newblock {\em Journal of Statistical Physics}, 42\penalty0 (3/4):\penalty0
  647--687, 1986.

\bibitem[Kerner and Konh\"auser(1994)]{Kerner:Konh:large:amplitude}
B.~S. Kerner and P.~Konh\"auser.
\newblock Structure and parameters of clusters in traffic flow.
\newblock {\em Physical Review E}, 50\penalty0 (1):\penalty0 54, 1994.

\bibitem[Bando et~al.(1995)Bando, Hasebe, Nakayama, Shibata, and
  Sugiyama]{Bando:etc:pre}
M.~Bando, K.~Hasebe, A.~Nakayama, A.~Shibata, and Y.~Sugiyama.
\newblock Dynamical model of traffic congestion and numerical simulation.
\newblock {\em Physical Review E}, 51(2):\penalty0 1035, 1995.

\bibitem[Cassidy(1998)]{Cassidy:no-2-phase}
M.J. Cassidy.
\newblock Bivariate relations in nearly stationary highway traffic.
\newblock {\em Transportation Research B}, 32B:\penalty0 49--59, 1998.

\bibitem[Munoz and Daganzo(in press)]{Munoz2000}
J.~C. Munoz and C.~F. Daganzo.
\newblock Structure of the transition zone behind freeway queues.
\newblock {\em Transportation Science}, in press.
\newblock PATH Working paper UCB-ITS-PWP-2000-24.

\bibitem[Zackor et~al.(1988)Zackor, K\"uhne, and Balz]{Zackor:Kuehne:Balz}
H.~Zackor, R.~K\"uhne, and W.~Balz.
\newblock {U}n\-ter\-su\-chun\-gen des {V}er\-kehrs\-ab\-laufs im {B}e\-reich
  der {L}ei\-stungs\-f\"a\-hig\-keit und bei in\-sta\-bi\-lem {F}lu{\ss}.
\newblock For\-schung Stra\-{\ss}en\-bau und
  Stra\-{\ss}en\-ver\-kehrs\-tech\-nik 524, Bun\-des\-mi\-ni\-ster f\"ur
  Ver\-kehr, Bonn--Bad Go\-des\-berg, 1988.

\bibitem[Elefteriadou()]{Lily:personal}
A.~Elefteriadou.
\newblock Personal communication.

\bibitem[Kerner and Rehborn(1996{\natexlab{b}})]{Kerner:Rehborn:mea2}
B.~S. Kerner and H.~Rehborn.
\newblock Experimental properties of complexity in traffic flow.
\newblock {\em Physical Review E}, 53\penalty0 (5):\penalty0 R4275--R4278,
  1996{\natexlab{b}}.

\bibitem[Kerner and Rehborn(1997)]{Kerner:Rehborn:prl}
B.~S. Kerner and H.~Rehborn.
\newblock Experimental properties of phase transitions in traffic flow.
\newblock {\em Physical Review Letters}, 79\penalty0 (20):\penalty0 4030--4033,
  1997.

\bibitem[Newell(1961)]{Newell:1961}
G.F. Newell.
\newblock Nonlinear effects in the dynamics of car following.
\newblock {\em Operations Research}, 9\penalty0 (2):\penalty0 209--229, 1961.

\bibitem[Bando et~al.(1994)Bando, Hasebe, Nakayama, Shibata, and
  Sugiyama]{Bando94}
M.~Bando, K.~Hasebe, A.~Nakayama, A.~Shibata, and Y.~Sugiyama.
\newblock Structure stability of congestion in traffic dynamics.
\newblock {\em Japan Journal of Industrial and Applied Mathematics},
  11(2):\penalty0 203--223, 1994.

\bibitem[Herman et~al.(1959)Herman, Montroll, Potts, and Rothery]{theGang}
R.~Herman, E.W. Montroll, R.B. Potts, and R.W. Rothery.
\newblock Traffic dynamics: {A}nalysis of stability in car following.
\newblock {\em Operations Research}, 7:\penalty0 86--106, 1959.

\bibitem[Press et~al.(different years)Press, Teukolsky, Vetterling, and
  Flannery]{num-recip}
W.H. Press, S.A. Teukolsky, W.T. Vetterling, and B.P. Flannery.
\newblock {\em Numerical Recipes: {T}he art of scientific computing}.
\newblock Cambridge University Press, different years.

\bibitem[Krau{\ss}(1997{\natexlab{a}})]{Krauss:phd}
S.~Krau{\ss}.
\newblock {\em Microscopic modeling of traffic flow: {I}nvestigation of
  collision free vehicle dynamics}.
\newblock PhD thesis, University of {C}ologne, Germany, 1997{\natexlab{a}}.
\newblock See www.zpr.uni-koeln.de.

\bibitem[Gipps(1981)]{Gipps:following}
P.~G. Gipps.
\newblock A behavioural car-following model for computer simulation.
\newblock {\em Transportation Research B}, 15:\penalty0 105--111, 1981.

\bibitem[Nagel et~al.()Nagel, Wagner, and Woesler]{or-review}
K.~Nagel, P.~Wagner, and R.~Woesler.
\newblock ~.
\newblock See sim.inf.ethz.ch/papers.

\bibitem[Herman and Prigogine(1979)]{2fluid:basis}
R.~Herman and I.~Prigogine.
\newblock A two-fluid approach to town traffic.
\newblock {\em Science}, 204:\penalty0 148--151, 1979.

\bibitem[{DYNAMIT}()]{DYNAMIT}
{DYNAMIT}.
\newblock {M}assachusetts {I}nstitute of {T}echnology, {C}ambridge,
  {M}assachusetts. See its.mit.edu. Also see
  dy\-na\-mic\-traf\-fic\-assign\-ment.org.

\bibitem[DYNASMART()]{DYNASMART}
DYNASMART.
\newblock See www.dynasmart.com. Also see
  dy\-na\-mic\-traf\-fic\-assign\-ment.org.

\bibitem[Gawron(1998)]{Gawron:simple}
C.~Gawron.
\newblock An iterative algorithm to determine the dynamic user equilibrium in a
  traffic simulation model.
\newblock {\em International Journal of Modern Physics C}, 9\penalty0
  (3):\penalty0 393--407, 1998.

\bibitem[Lifschitz and Pitajewski(1987)]{Lifshitz:etc:book}
E.M. Lifschitz and L.P. Pitajewski.
\newblock Statistische {P}hysik, {T}eil 1.
\newblock Lehrbuch der Theoretischen Physik. Akademie-Verlag, 1987.

\bibitem[Krau{\ss} et~al.(1996)Krau{\ss}, Wagner, and
  Gawron]{Krauss:etc:continuous}
S.~Krau{\ss}, P.~Wagner, and C.~Gawron.
\newblock Continuous limit of the {N}agel-{S}chreckenberg model.
\newblock {\em Physical Review E}, 54\penalty0 (4):\penalty0 3707--3712, 1996.

\bibitem[Krau{\ss}(1997{\natexlab{b}})]{Krauss:thesis}
S.~Krau{\ss}.
\newblock {\em Microscopic modeling of traffic flow: {I}nvestigation of
  collision free vehicle dynamics}.
\newblock PhD thesis, University of {C}ologne, Germany, 1997{\natexlab{b}}.
\newblock See www.zpr.uni-koeln.de.

\bibitem[Jost(2002)]{djost-da}
D.~Jost.
\newblock Breakdown and recovery in traffic flow models.
\newblock Master's thesis, ETH Zurich, Switzerland, 2002.
\newblock See sim.inf.ethz.ch/papers.

\bibitem[Nagel(1994)]{Nagel:ltimes}
K.~Nagel.
\newblock Life-times of simulated traffic jams.
\newblock {\em International Journal of Modern Physics C}, 5(3):\penalty0 567,
  1994.

\bibitem[Nagel and Paczuski(1995)]{Nagel:Paczuski}
K.~Nagel and M.~Paczuski.
\newblock Emergent traffic jams.
\newblock {\em Physical Review E}, 51:\penalty0 2909, 1995.

\bibitem[Sasvari and Kertesz(1997)]{Sasvari:Kertesz}
M.~Sasvari and J.~Kertesz.
\newblock Cellular automata models of single lane traffic.
\newblock {\em Physical Review E}, 56\penalty0 (4):\penalty0 4104--4110, 1997.

\bibitem[Roters et~al.(1999)Roters, L\"ubeck, and
  Usadel]{Roters:etc:critical:traffic}
L.~Roters, S.~L\"ubeck, and K.D. Usadel.
\newblock Critical behavior of a traffic flow model.
\newblock {\em Physical Review E}, 59:\penalty0 2672, 1999.

\bibitem[{Chowdhury et al}(2000)]{comment}
D.~{Chowdhury et al}.
\newblock Comment on: {``Critical behavior of a traffic flow model''}.
\newblock {\em Physical Review E}, 61\penalty0 (3):\penalty0 3270--3271, 2000.

\bibitem[Barlovic et~al.(1998)Barlovic, Santen, Schadschneider, and
  Schreckenberg]{Barlovic}
R.~Barlovic, L.~Santen, A.~Schadschneider, and M.~Schreckenberg.
\newblock Metastable states in cellular automata.
\newblock {\em European Physical Journal B}, 5\penalty0 (3):\penalty0 793--800,
  10 1998.

\bibitem[Nagel and Schreckenberg(1992)]{Nagel:Schreck}
K.~Nagel and M.~Schreckenberg.
\newblock A cellular automaton model for freeway traffic.
\newblock {\em Journal de Physique I France}, 2:\penalty0 2221, 1992.

\bibitem[Gerlough and Huber(1975)]{Gerlough:book}
D.~L. Gerlough and M.~J. Huber.
\newblock {\em Traffic Flow Theory}.
\newblock Special Report No.\ 165. Transportation Research Board, National
  Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1975.

\bibitem[K\"uhne and Beckschulte(1993)]{Kuehne:93}
R.D. K\"uhne and R.~Beckschulte.
\newblock Non-linearity stochastics of unstable traffic flow.
\newblock In C.F. Daganzo, editor, {\em Proc.\ 12th Int.\ Symposium on Theory
  of Traffic Flow and Transportation}, page 367. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The
  Netherlands, 1993.

\bibitem[Helbing et~al.(1999)Helbing, Hennecke, and
  Treiber]{Helbing:etc:multiphase}
D.~Helbing, A.~Hennecke, and M.~Treiber.
\newblock Phase diagram of traffic states in the presence of inhomogeneities.
\newblock {\em PRL}, 82\penalty0 (21):\penalty0 4360--4363, 1999.

\bibitem[Daganzo et~al.(1999)Daganzo, Cassidy, and
  Bertini]{daganzo:critique:sync}
Carlos~F. Daganzo, M.~J. Cassidy, and R.~L. Bertini.
\newblock Possible explanations of phase transitions in highway traffic.
\newblock {\em Transportation Research A}, 33:\penalty0 365--379, 1999.

\bibitem[Windover and Cassidy(2001)]{Windover:Cassidy:2001}
J.R. Windover and M.J. Cassidy.
\newblock Some observed details for freeway traffic evolution.
\newblock {\em Transportation Research A}, A35:\penalty0 881--894, 2001.

\bibitem[Nagel et~al.(in press)Nagel, Kayatz, and Wagner]{Nagel:etc:tgf01}
K.~Nagel, Chr. Kayatz, and P.~Wagner.
\newblock Breakdown and recovery in traffic flow models.
\newblock In Y.~Sugiyama~et al, editor, {\em Traffic and granular flow~'01}.
  Springer, Heidelberg, in press.

\end{thebibliography}
