# LaTeX2HTML 2K.1beta (1.47)
# Associate images original text with physical files.


$key = q/N_{spl};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="40" HEIGHT="37" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img4.png"
 ALT="$N_{spl}$">|; 

$key = q/{displaymath}E(p):={T(1)slashpoverT(p)}.{displaymath};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="179" HEIGHT="89" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img88.png"
 ALT="\begin{displaymath}
E(p) := {T(1)/p \over T(p)}  .
\end{displaymath}">|; 

$key = q/N_{spl}=140,p^{0.59}-140;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="182" HEIGHT="41" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img21.png"
 ALT="$N_{spl} =
140   p^{0.59} - 140$">|; 

$key = q/{figure}[t]centerincludegraphics[width=hsize]metis-plot-gpl.epslabelfig:metis-plotcenter{figure}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG WIDTH=660 HEIGHT=474 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="figure201" SRC="|."$dir".q|img8.gif">|; 

$key = q/f_{dmn}=1slashe_{dmn}-1;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="157" HEIGHT="40" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img40.png"
 ALT="$f_{dmn} =
1/e_{dmn} - 1$">|; 

$key = q/S_{bnd}=200~Bytes;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="147" HEIGHT="37" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img76.png"
 ALT="$S_{bnd} = 200&nbsp;Bytes$">|; 

$key = q/includegraphics[width=0.8hsize]{nocars-time-gpl.eps};AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="443" HEIGHT="304" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img80.png"
 ALT="\includegraphics[width=0.8\hsize]{nocars-time-gpl.eps}">|; 

$key = q/includegraphics[width=hsize]{metis-plot-gpl.eps};AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="554" HEIGHT="388" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img30.png"
 ALT="\includegraphics[width=\hsize]{metis-plot-gpl.eps}">|; 

$key = q/rtr(p)={1~secslashT(p)}.;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="177" HEIGHT="40" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img86.png"
 ALT="$
rtr(p) = {1&nbsp;sec / T(p)}  .
$">|; 

$key = q/{figure}[t]centerincludegraphics[width=hsize]ob-fb-plot-gpl.epslabelfig:ob-fb-plotcenter{figure}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG WIDTH=660 HEIGHT=556 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="figure222" SRC="|."$dir".q|img10.gif">|; 

$key = q/100slash5=20;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="97" HEIGHT="40" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img47.png"
 ALT="$100/5 = 20$">|; 

$key = q/E(p);MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="46" HEIGHT="40" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img89.png"
 ALT="$E(p)$">|; 

$key = q/ptoN_{links};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="92" HEIGHT="37" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img3.png"
 ALT="$p \to N_{links}$">|; 

$key = q/{displaymath}T(p)sim{1overp}+1+{1oversqrt{p}}to1.{displaymath};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="250" HEIGHT="88" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img68.png"
 ALT="\begin{displaymath}
T(p) \sim {1 \over p} + 1 + {1 \over \sqrt{p}}
\to 1  .
\end{displaymath}">|; 

$key = q/Deltat;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="29" HEIGHT="21" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img71.png"
 ALT="$\Delta t$">|; 

$key = q/T_{cmm};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="48" HEIGHT="37" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img35.png"
 ALT="$T_{cmm}$">|; 

$key = q/{figure}[htb]centerincludegraphics[width=0.8hsize]other-rtr-gpl.epsincludegraphics[width=0.8hsize]ten-rtr-gpl.epslabelfig:other-rtrcenter{figure}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG WIDTH=528 HEIGHT=731 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="figure380" SRC="|."$dir".q|img14.gif">|; 

$key = q/T(1)slash(1~sec);MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="108" HEIGHT="40" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img87.png"
 ALT="$T(1)/(1&nbsp;sec)$">|; 

$key = q/alpha>0.5;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="68" HEIGHT="37" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img24.png"
 ALT="$\alpha &gt; 0.5$">|; 

$key = q/k;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="17" HEIGHT="21" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img19.png"
 ALT="$k$">|; 

$key = q/p;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="16" HEIGHT="37" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img2.png"
 ALT="$p$">|; 

$key = q/b_{net};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="35" HEIGHT="37" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img48.png"
 ALT="$b_{net}$">|; 

$key = q/includegraphics[width=hsize]{ob-plot-gpl.eps};AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="554" HEIGHT="389" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img28.png"
 ALT="\includegraphics[width=\hsize]{ob-plot-gpl.eps}">|; 

$key = q/N_{sub};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="42" HEIGHT="37" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img50.png"
 ALT="$N_{sub}$">|; 

$key = q/{figure}[t]centerincludegraphics[width=hsize]ob-plot-gpl.epslabelfig:ob-plotcenter{figure}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG WIDTH=657 HEIGHT=552 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="figure184" SRC="|."$dir".q|img6.gif">|; 

$key = q/{figure}[t]centerincludegraphics[width=textwidth]efficiency-e2-gpl.epsincludegraphics[width=textwidth]efficiency-allstr-gpl.epslabelfig:efficcenter{figure}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG WIDTH=661 HEIGHT=464 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="figure208" SRC="|."$dir".q|img9.gif">|; 

$key = q/b_{net}=infty;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="79" HEIGHT="37" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img67.png"
 ALT="$b_{net} = \infty$">|; 

$key = q/{displaymath}T(p)={T_1overp}Big(1+f_{ovr}(p)+f_{dmn}(p)Big)+{displaymath};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="330" HEIGHT="86" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img62.png"
 ALT="\begin{displaymath}
T(p) = {T_1 \over p} \Big(
1 + f_{ovr}(p) + f_{dmn}(p) \Big) +
\end{displaymath}">|; 

$key = q/T_{lt};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="28" HEIGHT="37" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img42.png"
 ALT="$T_{lt}$">|; 

$key = q/N_{spl}=250,p^{0.59};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="130" HEIGHT="41" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img20.png"
 ALT="$N_{spl} = 250  
p^{0.59}$">|; 

$key = q/f_{dmn};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="44" HEIGHT="37" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img65.png"
 ALT="$f_{dmn}$">|; 

$key = q/{displaymath}rtr(p):={DeltatoverT(p)}={1~secoverT(p)},{displaymath};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="239" HEIGHT="87" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img70.png"
 ALT="\begin{displaymath}
rtr(p) := {\Delta t \over T(p)} = {1&nbsp;sec \over T(p)}  ,
\end{displaymath}">|; 

$key = q/N_{spl}simsqrt{p};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="91" HEIGHT="38" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img1.png"
 ALT="$N_{spl} \sim \sqrt {p}$">|; 

$key = q/includegraphics[width=hsize]{distrib-gz.eps};AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="555" HEIGHT="327" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img12.png"
 ALT="\includegraphics[width=\hsize]{distrib-gz.eps}">|; 

$key = q/includegraphics[width=0.8hsize]{nocars-rtr-gpl.eps};AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="443" HEIGHT="304" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img81.png"
 ALT="\includegraphics[width=0.8\hsize]{nocars-rtr-gpl.eps}">|; 

$key = q/N_{spl}(p);MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="64" HEIGHT="40" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img58.png"
 ALT="$N_{spl}(p)$">|; 

$key = q/{figure}[htb]centerincludegraphics[height=0.8textheight]parallel-fig.epslabelfig:parallelcenter{figure}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG WIDTH=802 HEIGHT=1227 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="figure127" SRC="|."$dir".q|img4.gif">|; 

$key = q/{displaymath}T(p)=T_{cmp}(p)+T_{cmm}(p),{displaymath};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="262" HEIGHT="63" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img36.png"
 ALT="\begin{displaymath}
T(p) = T_{cmp}(p) + T_{cmm}(p)  ,
\end{displaymath}">|; 

$key = q/{displaymath}n_{nb}(p)=2,(3sqrt{p}-1),(sqrt{p}-1)slashp,{displaymath};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="314" HEIGHT="63" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img55.png"
 ALT="\begin{displaymath}
n_{nb}(p) = 2   (3 \sqrt{p} - 1)   (\sqrt{p} - 1) / p  ,
\end{displaymath}">|; 

$key = q/n_{nb}(1)=0;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="91" HEIGHT="40" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img56.png"
 ALT="$n_{nb}(1) = 0$">|; 

$key = q/{figure}[htbp]centerincludegraphics[width=0.8hsize]cars-time-gpl.epsincludegraphics[width=0.8hsize]cars-rtr-gpl.epslabelfig:100Mbit-switchedcenter{figure}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG WIDTH=660 HEIGHT=442 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="figure361" SRC="|."$dir".q|img12.gif">|; 

$key = q/f_{ovr};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="37" HEIGHT="37" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img39.png"
 ALT="$f_{ovr}$">|; 

$key = q/p,T(1);MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="57" HEIGHT="40" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img90.png"
 ALT="$p   T(1)$">|; 

$key = q/{frontmatter}titleParallelimplementationoftheTRANSIMSmicro-simulationauthor[eth]KaiNagelthanksrefknauthor[sdm]andMarcusRickertthanksrefmraddress[eth]Dept.ofComputerScience,ETHZ"urich,Switzerlandaddress[sdm]sd&mAG,Troisdorf,Germanythanks[kn]nagel@inf.ethz.ch.Postal:ETHZentrumIFWB27.1,8092~Z"urich,Switzerlandthanks[mr]marcus.rickert@topmail.demaketitleabstractnoindentThispaperdescribestheparallelimplementationoftheTRANSIMStrafficmicro-simulation.Theparallelizationmethodisdomaindecomposition,whichmeansthateachCPUoftheparallelcomputerisresponsibleforadifferentgeographicalareaofthesimulatedregion.Wedescribehowinformationbetweendomainsisexchanged,andhowthetransportationnetworkgraphispartitioned.Anadaptiveschemeisusedtooptimizeloadbalancing.Wethendemonstratehowcomputingspeedsofourparallelmicro-si-mu-lationscanbesystematicallypredictedoncethescenarioandthecomputerarchitectureareknown.Thismakesitpossible,forexample,todecideifacertainstudyisfeasiblewithacertaincomputingbudget,andhowtoinvestthatbudget.Themainingredientsofthepredictionareknowledgeabouttheparallelimplementationofthemicro-simulation,knowledgeaboutthecharacteristicsofthepartitioningofthetransportationnetworkgraph,andknowledgeabouttheinteractionofthesequantitieswiththecomputersystem.Inparticular,weinvestigatethedifferencesbetweenswitchedandnon-switchedtopologies,andtheeffectsof10~Mbit,100~Mbit,andGbitEthernet.Asoneexample,weshowthatwithacommontechnology--100~MbitswitchedEthernet--onecanrunthe20,000-linkEMME2-networkforPortland(Oregon)morethan20timesfasterthanrealtimeon16~coupledPentium~CPUs.abstractkeywordTrafficsimulation,parallelcomputing,transportationplanning,TRANSIMSkeyword{frontmatter}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG WIDTH=638 HEIGHT=752 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="frontmatter18" SRC="|."$dir".q|img1.gif">|; 

$key = q/includegraphics[width=0.49hsize]{free3-gpl.eps};AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="271" HEIGHT="231" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img16.png"
 ALT="\includegraphics[width=0.49\hsize]{free3-gpl.eps}">|; 

$key = q/{figure}[htbp]centerincludegraphics[width=0.8hsize]nocars-time-gpl.epsincludegraphics[width=0.8hsize]nocars-rtr-gpl.epslabelfig:nocarscenter{figure}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG WIDTH=528 HEIGHT=731 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="figure370" SRC="|."$dir".q|img13.gif">|; 

$key = q/p=2;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="51" HEIGHT="37" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img53.png"
 ALT="$p=2$">|; 

$key = q/{displaymath}e_{dmn}:={hbox{loadonoptimalpartition}overhbox{loadonlargestpartition}},{displaymath};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="310" HEIGHT="87" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img27.png"
 ALT="\begin{displaymath}
e_{dmn} := {\hbox{load on optimal partition} \over \hbox{load on largest
partition}}  ,
\end{displaymath}">|; 

$key = q/{displaymath}T_{msg}=T_{lt}+{S_{msg}overb},{displaymath};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="197" HEIGHT="82" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img41.png"
 ALT="\begin{displaymath}
T_{msg} = T_{lt} + {S_{msg} \over b}  ,
\end{displaymath}">|; 

$key = q/=;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="21" HEIGHT="20" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img11.png"
 ALT="$=$">|; 

$key = q/{figure}[htbp]centerincludegraphics[width=0.8hsize]eff-gpl.epslabelfig:effcenter{figure}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG WIDTH=528 HEIGHT=731 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="figure397" SRC="|."$dir".q|img15.gif">|; 

$key = q/{figure}centerlineincludegraphics[width=hsize]load-feedback.bw-gz.eps{figure}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG WIDTH=661 HEIGHT=463 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="figure229" SRC="|."$dir".q|img11.gif">|; 

$key = q/A,p^{alpha}-A;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="80" HEIGHT="37" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img26.png"
 ALT="$A  
p^{\alpha} - A$">|; 

$key = q/S_{msg};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="44" HEIGHT="37" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img43.png"
 ALT="$S_{msg}$">|; 

$key = q/includegraphics[width=0.8hsize]{ten-rtr-gpl.eps};AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="443" HEIGHT="304" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img83.png"
 ALT="\includegraphics[width=0.8\hsize]{ten-rtr-gpl.eps}">|; 

$key = q/p^{alpha};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="26" HEIGHT="37" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img23.png"
 ALT="$p^{\alpha}$">|; 

$key = q/t;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="14" HEIGHT="20" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img9.png"
 ALT="$t$">|; 

$key = q/y;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="17" HEIGHT="37" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img5.png"
 ALT="$y$">|; 

$key = q/simp^{0.5};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="55" HEIGHT="41" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img22.png"
 ALT="$\sim p^{0.5}$">|; 

$key = q/b_{nd}=50;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="75" HEIGHT="37" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img74.png"
 ALT="$b_{nd} =
50$">|; 

$key = q/N_{spl}(p)slashp;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="83" HEIGHT="40" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img59.png"
 ALT="$N_{spl}(p)/p$">|; 

$key = q/{figure}[t]centerincludegraphics[width=textwidth]splitedges-gpl.epslabelfig:splitedgescenter{figure}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG WIDTH=661 HEIGHT=463 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="figure191" SRC="|."$dir".q|img7.gif">|; 

$key = q/includegraphics[width=0.8hsize]{other-rtr-gpl.eps};AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="443" HEIGHT="304" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img82.png"
 ALT="\includegraphics[width=0.8\hsize]{other-rtr-gpl.eps}">|; 

$key = q/t_{lat};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="31" HEIGHT="37" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img77.png"
 ALT="$t_{lat}$">|; 

$key = q/includegraphics[width=0.8hsize]{eff-gpl.eps};AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="444" HEIGHT="304" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img91.png"
 ALT="\includegraphics[width=0.8\hsize]{eff-gpl.eps}">|; 

$key = q/n_{nb}simconst;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="102" HEIGHT="37" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img64.png"
 ALT="$n_{nb} \sim const$">|; 

$key = q/{keyword}Trafficsimulation,parallelcomputing,transportationplanning,TRANSIMS{keyword};AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="978" HEIGHT="1265" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img6.png"
 ALT="\begin{keyword}
Traffic simulation, parallel computing, transportation planning, TRANSIMS
\end{keyword}">|; 

$key = q/includegraphics[width=textwidth]{efficiency-e2-gpl.eps};AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="553" HEIGHT="232" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img31.png"
 ALT="\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{efficiency-e2-gpl.eps}">|; 

$key = q/N_{spl}(p)=140cdotp^{0.59}-140;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="216" HEIGHT="41" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img75.png"
 ALT="$N_{spl}(p) = 140 \cdot p^{0.59} - 140$">|; 

$key = q/T_{lt}=0.8;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="77" HEIGHT="37" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img73.png"
 ALT="$T_{lt} = 0.8$">|; 

$key = q/textstyleparbox{0.49}{<comment_mark>211[width=0.49]{stop2-gpl.eps}};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="152" HEIGHT="61" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img17.png"
 ALT="$\textstyle \parbox{0.49}{%%
[width=0.49]{stop2-gpl.eps}
}$">|; 

$key = q/{displaymath}T_{cmp}(p)={T_1overp}cdotBig(1+f_{ovr}(p)+f_{dmn}(p)Big).{displaymath};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="361" HEIGHT="86" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img37.png"
 ALT="\begin{displaymath}
T_{cmp}(p) = {T_1 \over p} \cdot \Big( 1 + f_{ovr}(p) + f_{dmn}(p) \Big)  .
\end{displaymath}">|; 

$key = q/{figure}[htb]centerincludegraphics[width=hsize]bnd-gz.epslabelfig:bndcenter{figure}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG WIDTH=660 HEIGHT=315 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="figure126" SRC="|."$dir".q|img3.gif">|; 

$key = q/includegraphics[width=0.8hsize]{cars-time-gpl.eps};AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="443" HEIGHT="304" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img78.png"
 ALT="\includegraphics[width=0.8\hsize]{cars-time-gpl.eps}">|; 

$key = q/includegraphics[width=textwidth]{efficiency-allstr-gpl.eps};AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="553" HEIGHT="232" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img32.png"
 ALT="\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{efficiency-allstr-gpl.eps}">|; 

$key = q/n_{nb};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="33" HEIGHT="37" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img52.png"
 ALT="$n_{nb}$">|; 

$key = q/ptoinfty;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="65" HEIGHT="37" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img54.png"
 ALT="$p \to \infty$">|; 

$key = q/T_{cmp};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="43" HEIGHT="37" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img34.png"
 ALT="$T_{cmp}$">|; 

$key = q/includegraphics[width=hsize]{ob-fb-plot-gpl.eps};AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="554" HEIGHT="389" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img33.png"
 ALT="\includegraphics[width=\hsize]{ob-fb-plot-gpl.eps}">|; 

$key = q/pV=mRT;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="101" HEIGHT="37" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img7.png"
 ALT="$p V = m R T$">|; 

$key = q/includegraphics[width=0.49hsize]{free1-gpl.eps};AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="272" HEIGHT="230" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img15.png"
 ALT="\includegraphics[width=0.49\hsize]{free1-gpl.eps}">|; 

$key = q/b_{nd};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="31" HEIGHT="37" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img61.png"
 ALT="$b_{nd}$">|; 

$key = q/1~sec;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="46" HEIGHT="20" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img72.png"
 ALT="$1&nbsp;sec$">|; 

$key = q/includegraphics[width=0.8hsize]{cars-rtr-gpl.eps};AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="443" HEIGHT="304" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img79.png"
 ALT="\includegraphics[width=0.8\hsize]{cars-rtr-gpl.eps}">|; 

$key = q/b_{nd}=40;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="75" HEIGHT="37" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img46.png"
 ALT="$b_{nd} = 40$">|; 

$key = q/N_{sub}=2;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="77" HEIGHT="37" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img51.png"
 ALT="$N_{sub}=2$">|; 

$key = q/S_{bnd};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="40" HEIGHT="37" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img60.png"
 ALT="$S_{bnd}$">|; 

$key = q/b;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="15" HEIGHT="21" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img44.png"
 ALT="$b$">|; 

$key = q/{displaymath}N_{sub}cdotleft(n_{nb}(p),T_{lt}+{N_{spl}(p)overp}{S_{bnd}overb_{nd}}+N_{spl}(p),{S_{bnd}overb_{net}}right).{displaymath};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="443" HEIGHT="91" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img63.png"
 ALT="\begin{displaymath}
N_{sub} \cdot \left(
n_{nb}(p)   T_{lt}
+ {N_{spl}(p) \over...
...er b_{nd}}
+ N_{spl}(p)   {S_{bnd} \over b_{net}} \right)  .
\end{displaymath}">|; 

$key = q/{displaymath}T(p)sim{1overp}+1+{1oversqrt{p}}+sqrt{p}tosqrt{p};{displaymath};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="314" HEIGHT="88" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img66.png"
 ALT="\begin{displaymath}
T(p) \sim {1 \over p} + 1 + {1 \over \sqrt{p}} + \sqrt{p}
\to \sqrt{p}  ;
\end{displaymath}">|; 

$key = q/T(1);MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="44" HEIGHT="40" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img85.png"
 ALT="$T(1)$">|; 

$key = q/T_1;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="25" HEIGHT="37" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img38.png"
 ALT="$T_1$">|; 

$key = q/37.5;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="40" HEIGHT="20" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img10.png"
 ALT="$37.5$">|; 

$key = q/{displaymath}T_{cmm}(p)=N_{sub}cdotBig(n_{nb}(p),T_{lt}+{N_{spl}(p)overp}{S_{bnd}overb_{nd}}+N_{spl}(p),{S_{bnd}overb_{net}}Big),{displaymath};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="524" HEIGHT="87" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img49.png"
 ALT="\begin{displaymath}
T_{cmm}(p) = N_{sub} \cdot \Big( n_{nb}(p)   T_{lt}
+ {N_{s...
...ver b_{nd} }
+ N_{spl}(p)   { S_{bnd} \over b_{net} }\Big) ,
\end{displaymath}">|; 

$key = q/includegraphics[height=0.8textheight]{parallel-fig.eps};AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="470" HEIGHT="858" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img14.png"
 ALT="\includegraphics[height=0.8\textheight]{parallel-fig.eps}">|; 

$key = q/textstyleparbox{0.49}{<comment_mark>212<DIVALIGN="CENTER"><comment_mark>213[width=0.42]{ps_t-intersec-gz.eps}<slashDIV>};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="173" HEIGHT="153" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img18.png"
 ALT="$\textstyle \parbox{0.49}{%%
&lt;DIV ALIGN=''CENTER''&gt;
%%[width=0.42]{ps_t-intersec-gz.eps}
&lt;/DIV&gt;}$">|; 

$key = q/t+1;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="46" HEIGHT="37" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img8.png"
 ALT="$t+1$">|; 

$key = q/p=1;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="51" HEIGHT="37" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img25.png"
 ALT="$p=1$">|; 

$key = q/{displaymath}S(p):={T(1)overT(p)},{displaymath};MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="158" HEIGHT="89" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img84.png"
 ALT="\begin{displaymath}
S(p) := {T(1) \over T(p)}  ,
\end{displaymath}">|; 

$key = q/{figure}[htb]centerincludegraphics[width=hsize]distrib-gz.epslabelfig:distribcenter{figure}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG WIDTH=662 HEIGHT=392 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="figure118" SRC="|."$dir".q|img2.gif">|; 

$key = q/{figure}[htb]haligntohsize;SPMamp;hfill#hfillcrincludegraphics[width=0.49hsize]free1-gpl.eps;SPMamp;includegraphics[width=0.49hsize]free3-gpl.epscrcenterlineparbox[c]0.49textwidthincludegraphics[width=0.49textwidth]stop2-gpl.epshfillparbox[c]0.49textwidthcenterlinehfillincludegraphics[width=0.42textwidth]ps_t-intersec-gz.epshspace1ptlabelfig:flow-char{figure}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG WIDTH=793 HEIGHT=1009 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="figure145" SRC="|."$dir".q|img5.gif">|; 

$key = q/includegraphics[width=textwidth]{splitedges-gpl.eps};AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="553" HEIGHT="397" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img29.png"
 ALT="\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{splitedges-gpl.eps}">|; 

$key = q/T(p);MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="44" HEIGHT="40" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img69.png"
 ALT="$T(p)$">|; 

$key = q/b_{net}=100;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="88" HEIGHT="37" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img45.png"
 ALT="$b_{net} = 100$">|; 

$key = q/includegraphics[width=hsize]{bnd-gz.eps};AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="552" HEIGHT="264" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img13.png"
 ALT="\includegraphics[width=\hsize]{bnd-gz.eps}">|; 

$key = q/n_{nb}to6;MSF=1.6;AAT/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = q|<IMG
 WIDTH="72" HEIGHT="37" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
 SRC="|."$dir".q|img57.png"
 ALT="$n_{nb} \to 6$">|; 

1;

